The paper on Geology is optional in the CSS competitive examination 2025. Here, you will find the CSS Geology past Paper 2025. I will also provide a summary of the paper, in which you will analyze what topics were given and how difficult they were. This lets you better understand the concept of paper and prepare well for future examinations.
CSS Geology Past Paper 2025
SECTION-A
Q1. a) discuss the interior of the earth in detail. Also, describe the processes involved in the formation of igneous rocks.
b) what are the laws of superposition and faunal succession? Describe the classification and nomenclature of stratigraphic units in detail.
Q2. a) What are the main types of sedimentary rocks and how are they formed? also, describe the classification scheme of these sedimentary rocks in detail.
b) Discuss the optical properties of common rock-forming minerals in detail.
Q3. Write comprehensive notes on the following topics.
- tectonic framework of Pakistan
- Geothermal energy resource potentials of Pakistan
SECTION-B
Q4. a) write a detailed note on “geophysical techniques utilized in the exploration of mineral deposits, oil/gas, and groundwater”.
b) discuss migration types in hydrocarbon exploration. Also, describe secondary and enhanced oil recovery techniques in detail.
Q5. a) what is Walther’s law of superposition? Discuss concepts and significance of sequence stratigraphy.
b) Describe the “upper Indus basin with respect to its hydrocarbon potentials” in detail.
Q6. What is the role of Engineering Geology in the development of CPEC projects? Explain it with suitable examples.
Q7. a) discuss various classification schemes of mineral deposits in detail
b) describe various metallic and non-metallic mineral deposits of Pakistan. Also, discuss their significance and abundance in detail.
Critical Analysis of the Paper
This paper addresses several geology issues, from the earth’s interior and rock formation to resource exploration and engineering use. Although the questions are well-posed, a critical reading shows some places where a comparative and integrated approach would improve the discussion.
The interior of the earth needs to be explained beyond the basic crust-mantle-core model and include the latest geophysical studies that contradict common wisdom, such as changes in mantle convection and core dynamics. The crystallization of igneous rocks is well explained, but the role of plate tectonics in magma chemistry and volcanic eruptions needs to be emphasized.
Faunal succession and the superposition principles are the foundation of stratigraphy, but their application, particularly in disrupted geological conditions, needs to be understood. Nomenclature and classification of the stratigraphic units are basic to geological mapping, but a description of the historical evolution of how they have come to be would be more useful.
The sedimentary rocks are typically categorized based on origin, composition, and texture. While this is a scientific classification, the influence of diagenetic processes on altering these classifications needs to be explored further. Similarly, the optical properties of minerals constituting rocks are important in petrographic work, but their application in economic geology and exploration for resources is not usually taken into account.
Pakistan’s tectonic environment, which is dominated by the collision of the Indian-Eurasian plate, is the main driver of seismicity and the distribution of resources. Further discussion of active fault systems and implications for infrastructure planning would be more convincing for this argument. Similarly, Pakistan’s geothermal resources are mostly unexploited; a discussion of policy and technology problems would be a more realistic assessment.
Geophysical methods of exploration are applied in oil, gas, mineral, and groundwater exploration. Although seismic, magnetic, and gravity survey methods are widely applied, there is a need to investigate newer technologies such as the use of machine learning algorithms in geophysics. Hydrocarbon migration and improved oil recovery methods are proven, but a case study of the Pakistan oil fields would strengthen the analysis.
Walther’s Law is important in sequence stratigraphy, but in its application to complex depositional settings, there is a need for further consideration. The Upper Indus Basin has promising hydrocarbon prospectivity, but the heterogeneity of reservoirs and the cost of production are issues that must be considered.
Engineering geology plays a vital role in CPEC projects, especially in road development, slope stability, and tunnel construction. Geohazard mitigation should also be considered to ensure that infrastructure development is sustainable.
Mineral deposit categorization is important for resource estimation. Though Pakistan is rich in metallic and non-metallic mineral resources, ineffective extraction methods and policy constraints hamper their economic utilization. Comparison with successful mining sectors in other countries could be useful for reform.
Overall, the paper addresses a wide range of geology subjects well, but incorporating recent research advances, case studies, and policy analysis would improve its analytical value considerably.
View the CSS Geology past paper 2025
You can also read the CSS Notes and view all previous papers on CSS
